Linux is an operating system like Unix. It is the most successful and most popular software of open source software or open source software. It is available for general use under the GPL v 2 license and some part of it is inspired by unix. Originally it was developed by developing Minix. Development of Unix, AT&T in the 1960s Carried out by the Bell Laboratory. At the time, AT&T. The company was a controlled monopoly so it could not sell computer software. He gave it, along with the source code, unconditionally, to the government and universities, which they can tweak if they want. By the 1980s, Unix became the most popular, powerful,and stable operating system, although by that time it had undergone many variation.
Unix had one drawback-it is difficult to understand and operate. Andrew Tenenbaum is a professor of computer science at Amsterdam. He wrote a program called Minix to help it. It also had some shortcomings. Linus Torvald was a student of computer science at the University of Helsinki, Finland. He wrote a program to overcome the shortage of Minix which was later called 'Unix of Linus' or linux for short. His first crore or karnal was posted in internet in 1991. By then Richard stallman's 'GNU' project had started. Linus Torvald took many programes from this in his linux. Hence Richard Stallman says. That it should be called 'GNU-Linux'.But this name could not work because of its long standing. But this does not mean that the GNU project is not involved in the success of Linux. Linux was not possible without the GNU project.
History of Linux
The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented at AT & T's Bell Laboratories in the united states in1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchei, Douglas Mcllroy and Joe Ossan. Unix was first released in 1971,and was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a major pioneering approach in 1973,it was written by Dennis Ritchie in some programming language (with the exception of some hardware and I / O routines).The availability of Unix's high level language implementation made its porting to various computer platform easy.
Due to an antitrust case prior to entering a computer enterprise case, AT&T was required to license the source code of the operating system to anyone.As a result, Unix grew quickly and was widely adopted by academic institution and businesses. In 1984,AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs; Free of legal liability requiring free licensing Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product,where user were not legally allowed to modify Unix. The GNU project ,started in 1983 by Richard stolman,aimed to create a"complete Unix-compatible software system"made entirely of free software. Work began in 1984 Later, in 1985,Stallman started the free software foundation and in 1989 wrote the GNU General public License (GNU GPL).By the early 1990s, Many of the programe required in an operating system (such as libraries,compilers) were completed, although the device drivers, daemons, and kernals, called GNU / Herd As such, low level elements were intercepted and incomplete.
Linus Torvalds states that if the GNU kernal was available at that time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.
Minix was created by computer science professor Andrew S. Tanenbaum, and was released in 1987 as a Unix-like operating system aimed at students and others who wanted to learn the principles of the operating system. Although the entire source code of minix was freely available, licensing terms prevented it from being free software until licensing changed in April 2000.
Linux pre-operating system
Linux born
Naming Linux
Commercial and Popular Expansion
Current Progress
Kernel, Distribution, Desktop
There is no office of Linux, no company or person owns it. But programmers around the world contribute to it. In the history of the world, This big movement, this kind of movement, never happened. That too started by a student from outside the US university. Because in computer science, it was America's dominance to show new direction.
Money cannot be charged for Linux software, but this does not mean that it cannot be earned. Many companies are making money by serving on it and running. The main ones are Red Hat and Suce (Naval).
Linux has three levels-
Karnel and kor : A computer cannot be run directly from ther kernal, it has to be compiled before running. Linux kernel is viewed by Linus Torvalds.
The Desktop: How software operating in your computer should look like how different software works, it depends on the desktop. There are many types of desktops but Noam and K.D.E. Are the main ones.
Distribution: To run a computer from a kernel, first it has to be compiled.Then he walks. It distributes this work.There are about 100 such distribution in which Red Hat, Suce (Naval) and Mandriva are the main ones. Every distribution has at least Nom and K.D.E.both are desktops.
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Linux-Litigation
AT&T Had initially given Unix source code to the University of California, Barkley. This university worked on it and took it forward. The university also took its own form which is famous as berkley Souftower Distribution. It is open source. AT&T The company disbanded in 1984 and a part of it came with the of work of a computer who was at liberty to trade the computer.
AT&T This separate component of the UNI removed its business Unix.This business Unix and university's BSD AT&T started competing in Unix. Filed a lawsuit against the university alleging that only AT&T. Owns the intellectual property right of Unix. The university said that it had a B.S.D. Unix has the right to distribute, as it has also done a lot of work on it. In 1993,AT&T. This component of the Unix sold the Unix business Naval and the university. But no one knows what his condition are.
At present,There are mainly five lawsuits related to Linux. There is a lot of speculation on the internet about why these lawsuits are going on.
SCO V/S IBM
The Caldera company previously used a distribution of Linux by the same name. It was not very successful-at least not as much as Red Hat, Souses (Naval) and Mandriva. Caldera later later became the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). SCO is said. That he had purchased the intellectual property right of Unix's X (Alx) name, which he had dubbed IBM. Has given SCO in 2003, a lawsuit, IBM but filed saying that -
IBM SCO has abused the trade secret of.
IBM Has merged the source code of Aix Unix into Linux.
IBM SCO Has violated the contract with Aks.
IBM has filed its reverse claims in the suit. That
IBM Has not added any source code of AIX to Linux .
He took the SCO The contract has not been broken.
contract are SCOs has broken.
S.C.O V/S NOVAL
It is not clear whether Naval has done SCO. What did he sell because according to Naval he had done SCO? Has not sold the intellectual property rights of Unix to. He took the SCO was given the right to develop Unix only and license to another.S. on this C.O. Has prosecuted a case on Naval That,
Naval is misinformed. That SCO Unix does not own the intellectual property rights;
Naval maintains that Naval owns Unix 's intellectual property rights. SCO is hindering the business of it should be stopped:
It should be announced that SCO Unix owns the intellectual property rights.Not naval.
Get him a compensation from Naval.
S.C.O. V/S Otzon and Daimler Chrysler
SCO Has sent notice to 1500 companies. That,
They should get license from Linux before using it;And
See that Unix code is not available with open source software.
He has filed separate lawsuits against Ottogen and Daimler Chrysler regarding the violation of his authority. The lawsuits against Daimler Kiesler was partly dismissed on 9 August 2004. The lawsuits was then dismissed on 21 December 2004, stating that he could not bring a second trial again until Daimler paid all the costs of Chrysler's first trial. SCO Has submitted an appeal against it.
Red Hat V/S S.C.O.
Red Hat is a Linux Distribution Company. It has filed a lawsuit to*declare that it has paid SCO to distribute Linux. Has not encroached any right of.
It is difficult to say. What will happen in these cases it will depend on the testimony of these people. All litigation SCO. V/S ibm will depend on the decision of the trial. Many major companies are adopting Linux. These include IBM, Red Hat, and H.P They are the main ones, keeping an eye on these cases,and have told their buyers.that if it is found. If any of their software is infringing on the intellectual property rights of someone, They will not compensate for their full compensation but will make them a new software.
Linux Trademark - Litigation
Linux is a trademark of linus Torvald, and currently on behalf of linus Torvald, Linux Mark Institute (LMI) trademark to the US in the name of Linux. He started sending notices to companies selling Linux asking them to take licenses from him. Linus Torvald and companies related to Linux ran a case against him.1997 May According to an agreement in this lawsuit, The trademark Linux name was given to linus Torvald. After that, Linus Torvald took the responsiblity of managing the name of LMI for the misuse of the Linux name. Gave it to Lmi Linux gives the license to use the name. Linus Torvald has also released a statement about this. Which can be seen here.
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